Hey Evreyone!!

Welcome to my ENG180 Blog created for forst-year students of Agricultural Sciences, Biotechnology and Food Sciences at the Cyprus University of Technology! I have created this Blog with the help of my english instructor and it contains material and tasks about our study! I hope you enjoy my page! You are free to leave your comments!! :)

Word Journal

AGRICULTURE
Word journal 1

CHAPTER 1 p. 1-3
Organic matter p. 1: (n)  is matter that has come from a once-living organism; is capable of decay, or the product of decay; or is composed of organic compounds.
Example: There are many organic matters found such as carbon, hydrogen, oxygen etc and they were found in plants and animals.

Crop p. 1: (n)  is a non-animal species or variety that is grown to be harvested as food, livestock, fodder, fuel or for any other economic purpose.
Example: The problem is worst where farmers grow crops on weak, unstable soils on slopes in areas of high rainfalls.

Livestock p. 1: (n) refers to one or more domesticated animals raised in an agricultural setting to produce commodities such as food, fiber and labor.
Exanple: Most of the agricultural land within the park is used for grazing livestock.

Fertilizers p.1: (n) are substances that supply plant nutrients or amend soil fertility. 
Example: If you choose to report, don't fertilize at the same time or the plant might go into shock.

Irrigation p.1: (n) is an artificial application of water to the soil. It is used to assist in the growing of agricultural crops, maintenance of landscapes and revegetation of disturbed soils in dry areas and during periods of inadequate rainfall.
Example: Irrigate copiously with clean, fresh water for at least 10 minutes, holding the eyelids apart.

Weeds p.1: (n) any wild plant which grows in an unwanted place, especially in a garden or field where it prevents the cultivated plants from growing freely.
Example: Ground cover plants - plants that carpet the ground with dense growth suppressing weeds.

Pesticides p.1: (n) is any substance or mixture of substances intended for preventing, destroying, repelling or mitigating any pest.
Example: I watched the farmer put pesticides on his plants so it would kill insects.


Fungicides p.1: (n) A chemical substance that destroys or inhibits the growth of fungi.
Example: Spray maincrop potatoes against blight with a copper based fungicide.


Herbicides p.1: (n) A chemical substance used to destroy or inhibit the growth of plants, especially weeds.
Example: Knowing that their crops will more or less tolerate an herbicide, farmers are not likely to reduse their applications.


Raw materials p.1: (n) An unprocessed natural product used in manufacture.
Example: Raw material could scarcely be bettered.


Fiber: A slender, elongated, threadlike object or structure.
Example: Despite overwhelming interest, scientists know relatively little about how plant cells synthesize individual cellulose fibers.


Consumption p.1: (n) The using up of goods and services by consumer purchasing or in the production of other goods.
Example: Consumption of alcohol can reduse the risk of heart disease in people over the age of 40.


Product p.1: (n) Something produced by human or mechanical effort or by a natural process.
Example: Customers may select the product of their choice and use it on a free trial basis before actually purchasing the product.


Subsidies p.1: (n)  Financial assistance given by one person or government to another.
Example: Agricultural subsidies, steel tariffs, kyoto, rights, the international criminal court are all problems.


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FLOWERS, FRUITS AND SEEDS
Word Journal 2




Flowers, Fruits, Seeds, and Civilization



to cultivate p.1: (n)   To grow or tend (a plant or crop).
Example: In the area around barcelona vegetables and fruit are intensively cultivated.

wild species p.1: (n)
Example:

wheat p.1: (n) The grain of any of these grasses, ground to produce flour used in breadstuffs and pasta.
Example: Wheat dairy lactose sugar yeast gluten salt corn/maize soya starch artificial colors preservatives and flavors.

barley p.1: (n) The grain of H. vulgare or its varieties, used for livestock feed, malt production, and cereal.
Example: Whole wheat, brown rice, pearl barley, oats, bulgur wheat.

peas p.1: (n) The seed of this plant, used as a vegetable.
Example: Sow sweet peas in a cold frame or the greenhouse for early summer blooms next year.

lentils p.1: (n) very small, dark green, dried beans that are cooked and eaten
Example: Lentil soup, wholemeal roll with portion of laughing cow lite.

harvest p.1: (n)  The act or process of gathering a crop.
Example: You are beginning to anticipate having a bountiful harvest of cucumbers for salads and maybe even pickles.

plow p.1: (n) A farm implement consisting of a heavy blade at the end of a beam, usually hitched to a draft team or motor vehicle and used for breaking up soil and cutting furrows in preparation for sowing.
Example: Plow up the ground, pull down the trees, kill everything.

date palms p.1: (n) 
Example:

corn p.1: (n)  Any of numerous cultivated forms of a widely grown, usually tall annual cereal grass (Zea mays) bearing grains or kernels on large ears.
Example: The water from the stream originally provided the steam to power the workings for grinding the corn for local farmers.



Squashes p.1: (n) Any of various tendril-bearing plants of the genus Cucurbita, having fleshy edible fruit with a leathery rind and unisexual flowers.
Example: Are sugar-free squashes safe to give to my child between meals?

pineapple p.1: (n)A tropical American plant (Ananas comosus) having large swordlike leaves and a large, fleshy, edible, multiple fruit with a terminal tuft of leaves.
Example: Wash and slice the pears and peel and chop the pineapple and pour into the blender.


peanuts p.1: (n) A prostrate southern Brazilian plant (Arachis hypogaea) widely cultivated in tropical and warm temperate regions, having yellow flowers on stalks that bend over so that the seed pods ripen underground. 
Example: Also, never give bird s salted peanuts: most birds cannot cope with salt of any kind.


figs p.1: (n) Any of several trees or shrubs of the genus Ficus, especially F. carica, native to the Mediterranean region and widely cultivated for its edible multiple fruit.
Example: Arrange the dried figs in a row on top.


Pomegranate p.1: (n)  A deciduous shrub or small tree (Punica granatum) native to Asia and widely cultivated for its edible fruit.
Example:Pomegranate juice drinkers had doubling times of 54 months.


civilization p.1: (n)  An advanced state of intellectual, cultural, and material development in human society, marked by progress in the arts and sciences, the extensive use of record-keeping, including writing, and the appearance of complex political and social institutions.
Example: The great story of the catastrophe that destroyed an ancient peaceful civilizationhad been handed down from father to son.




The Seed


seed p.3: (n) A ripened plant ovule containing an embryo.
Example: Wych elm produces a mass of viable seed with relatively young trees reach fruiting maturity.


shell p.3: (n) The usually hard outer covering that encases certain organisms, such as mollusks, insects, and turtles; the carapace.
Example: Most current helmets are basically all eps foam with a thin plastic outer shell.


testa p.3: (n) The often thick or hard outer coat of a seed.
Example: 


germ p.3: (n) The earliest form of an organism; a seed, bud, or spore
Example: Cholera is an illness caused by a germ invading the bowels.


Starch p.3: (n) Foods having a high content of starch, as rice, breads, and potatoes.
Example: Free from wheat dairy lactose sugar yeast gluten salt corn/maize soya starch.


humid p.3: (n) Containing or characterized by a high amount of water
Example: A gray evening, but hardly any wind and extremely humid.


sprout p.3: (n) To begin to grow; give off shoots or buds.
Example: Fresh sprouts have no odor or a delicate smell.


to germinate p.3: (n) To begin to sprout or grow
Example: Germinates at higher temperatures than fresh seed.




Flower Morphology


sepals p.6: (n) One of the separate, usually green parts forming the calyx of a flower.
Example: Sepals of each flower are called ' falls ' and have a fuzzy central portion called a ' beard ' .


petals p.6: (n)  One of the often brightly colored parts of a flower immediately surrounding the reproductive organs; a division of the corolla.
Example: Petals of these fragrant roses.


stamens p.6: (n) The pollen-producing reproductive organ of a flower, usually consisting of a filament and an anther.
Example: With a small, sharp, pointed knife remove the stamen from each of the flowers.


pistil p.6: (n) The female, ovule-bearing organ of a flower, including the stigma, style, and ovary.
Example: There are about 20 stamens, white with an orange head, clustered around a central green pistil with a yellow head.


ovary p.6: (n)  The usually paired female or hermaphroditic reproductive organ that produces ova and, in vertebrates, estrogen and progesterone.
Example: There is a condition known a polycystic ovary, which is a hormonal disorder where the cyst fails to produce an egg.


ovules p.6: (n)  A minute structure in seed plants, containing the embryo sac and surrounded by the nucellus, that develops into a seed after fertilization.
Example: The pollen grains grow down from the stigma to fertilize the ovules in the ovary at the base of the style.


pollen p.6: (n) The fine powderlike material consisting of pollen grains that is produced by the anthers of seed plants.
Example: This means that any female flower can be fertilized by pollen from any male.


pollination p.6: (n) To transfer pollen from an anther to the stigma of (a flower).
Example: Also there will be less pollinator visits per day compared with the shorter opening beepollinated flowers.




FRUITS


accessory fruits p.10: (n) A fruit, such as the pear or strawberry, that develops from a ripened ovary or ovaries but includes a significant portion derived from nonovarian tissue
Example: 


Aggregate fruits p.10: (n) A fruit, such as the raspberry, consisting of many individual small fruits derived from separate ovaries within a single flower, borne together on a common receptacle.
Example:


pericarp p.10: (n) The wall of a ripened ovary; fruit wall.
Example: 


exocarp p.10: (n) The outermost layer of the fruit wall.
Example: 


mesocarp p.10: (n) The middle, usually fleshy layer of a fruit wall.
Example: 

World journal 3
SOIL CLASSIFICATION


gravel p.1: (n) An unconsolidated mixture of rock fragments or pebbles.
Example: Most of the parks lies on light soils overlying gravel, limiting the range of plant material which can be grown.


silt p.1: (n) A sedimentary material consisting of very fine particles intermediate in size between sand and clay
Example: His soil isn't suitable for carrots and parsnips as the alluvial silt has heavy seams running through it which make them bend.


clay soils p.1: (n) A fine-grained inorganic soil which forms hard lumps when dry and becomes sticky when wet.
Example: The soil type is chalky loam overlying clay, mostly grade ill with some grade il.


fertile p.1: (adj) capable of producing offspring
Example: The pyramids had the purpose of keeping the land fertile by charging it with yang energy.


sandy soils p.1: (n)
Example: The soils on the triassic rocks are usually sandy and often pebbly


loams p.1: (n) Example: loam mixed with road dust makes a fairly good dusting material.


Rich, friable (crumbly) soil with nearly equal parts of sand and silt, and somewhat less clay. The term is sometimes used imprecisely to mean earth or soil in general. Loam in subsoil receives varied minerals and amounts of clay by leaching (percolation) from the topsoil above.
Example: Before planting, skim off grass turfs with a spade and pile upside down in a corner to rot down to form loam.


limey soil p.1: (n)
Example: limey acidity that magnifies the citrus and mineral characters




Rich, friable (crumbly) soil with nearly equal parts of sand and silt, and somewhat less clay. The term is sometimes used imprecisely to mean earth or soil in general. Loam in subsoil receives varied minerals and amounts of clay by leaching (percolation) from the topsoil above.



limey soils p.1: (n)
Example: limey acidity that magnifies the citrus and mineral characters.


peaty soils p.1: (n) peat, soil material consisting of partially decomposed organic matter; found in swamps
and bogs in various parts of the temperate zone.
Example: Slightly more acidic soil e.g. peat based may be best.


gritty p.1: (n) any coarse sandstone that can be used as a grindstone or millstone
Example: Gritty portrayal of the social outcast that ben sanderson has become


damp p.1: (n) any mixture of gases in an underground mine, especially oxygen-deficient or noxious gases
Example: The seat of my pants, slightly damp from the water fetching episode, had frozen to its surface.

Word Journal 4
Cell Reproduction


Coil p.1: (n) A series of connected spirals or concentric rings formed by gathering or winding
Example: Coils of wire are wrapped around an iron core.


Replicate p.1: (v) To duplicate, copy, reproduce, or repeat.
Example: While digital surrogates must faithfully replicate the original object, there is flexibility in the way in which the text is interrogated.


Thread p.1: (n)  Fine cord of a fibrous material, such as cotton or flax, made of two or more filaments twisted together and used in needlework and the weaving of cloth.
Example: Thread belay beneath the north-eastern side of the obelisk enables an abseil rope to be led through the saddle to seaward.


Nuclear p.1: (adj) Biology Of, relating to, or forming a nucleus: a nuclear membrane
Example: This asserts the us ' right to use nuclear weapons pre-emptively to stop states from acquiring nuclear, chemical or biological weapons.


Membrane p.1: (n)  A thin, pliable layer of tissue covering surfaces or separating or connecting regions, structures, or organs of an animal or a plant.
Example: Cell or plasma membrane the outside wall or coating of the neuron.


Disintegrate p.1: (v) To become reduced to components, fragments, or particles.
Example: Disintegrate when placed near water or are exposed to direct sunlight.


Attach p.1: (v) To fasten, secure, or join
Example: Attach a condition specifying end use to which the stone is to be put.


Pole p.1: (n) Either extremity of an axis through a sphere
Example: Pole of the original magnet penetrated all the way through to the opposite end.


Unwind p.1: (v) To reverse the winding or twisting
Example: Unwind on the private beach or around the landscaped swimming pool.


Reform p.1: (v) To improve by alteration, correction of error, or removal of defects; put into a better form or condition.
Example: The indebted countries also have to agree to implement economic reforms.


Centromere p.1: (n) The most condensed and constricted region of a chromosome, to which the spindle fiber is attached during mitosis.
Example: Centromere of a human mitotic chromosome.


Gamete p.1: (n) A reproductive cell having the haploid number of chromosomes, especially a mature sperm or egg capable of fusing with a gamete of the opposite sex to produce the fertilized egg.
Example: This process is used in the production of haploid gametes.

Chromatid p.1: (n) Either of the two daughter strands of a replicated chromosome that are joined by a single centromere and separate during cell division to become individual chromosomes.
Example: We are also interested in potential roles for the apparatus that holds sister chromatids together in non-dividing somatic cells.

Dividion p.1:


Prophase p.1: (n) The first stage of mitosis, during which the chromosomes condense and become visible, the nuclear membrane breaks down, and the spindle apparatus forms at opposite poles of the cell.
Example: Prophase i arrest, through the first and second meiotic divisions.


Metaphase p,1: (n) The stage of mitosis and meiosis, following prophase and preceding anaphase, during which the chromosomes are aligned along the metaphase plate.
Example: Positive results were obtained in in-vitro metaphase analysis studies in cho cells.


Anaphase p.1: (n) The stage of mitosis and meiosis in which the chromosomes move to opposite ends of the nuclear spindle.
Example: Anaphase transition, an inhibitor of this transition, pds1 must be degraded before sister chromatid separation can occur.


Telophase p.1: (n) The final stage of mitosis or meiosis during which the chromosomes of daughter cells are grouped in new nuclei.
Example:


Word Journal 5

Genetic Engineering – Benefits and Risks

Genetic engineering: (the science of) changing the structure of the genes of a living thing in order to make it healthier or stronger or more useful to humans. 
Example: Genetic engineering in agriculture is the development of crops which produce their own insecticide.

Microbes: a very small living thing, especially one which causes disease, and which is too small to see without amicroscope.
Example: Our immune system protects us from disease, destroying invading microbes with a swarm of attacking cells.

Modified: describes a plant or animal that has had some of its genes changed scientifically.
Example: 

Herbicide:a chemical which is used to destroy plants.
Example:  Knowing that their crops will more or less tolerate an herbicide, farmers are not likely to reduce their applications.

Resistance: a force which acts to stop the progress of something or make it slower.
Example: This confers resistance to four biotypes of the pest.

Chemical residues: 

Draught: a current of unpleasantly cold air blowing through a room.
Example: Draught the size of the object, the strength of the cold outward draft is just amazing.

Irrigation:To supply (dry land) with water by means of ditches, pipes, or streams; water artificially.

Rot/ decay: To undergo decomposition, especially organic decomposition; decay.
Example: Ammoniacal nitrogen may increase blossom-end rot as excess ammonium ions reduce calcium uptake.

Insect :a type of very small animal with six legs, a body divided into three parts and usually two pairs of wings, or, more generally, any similar very small animal.
Example: Flowers are pollinated by various small insects attracted by the nectar.

Pollinated: a powder produced by the male part of a flower, which is carried by insects or the wind and causes the female part of the same type of flower to produce seeds.
Example: Also there will be less pollinator visits per day compared with the shorter opening beepollinated flowers.

Stalks: the main stem of a plant, or the narrow stem that joins leaves, flowers or fruit to the main stem of a plant.
Example: Stalk of celery instead of the traditional swizzle stick.
Can GM save the world?

Famine:when there is not enough food for a great number of people, causing illness and death, or a particular period when this happens.
Example: Kenyan has appealed for $ 150m to save the lives of people threatened by famine.

Pesticide: a chemical substance used to kill harmful insects, small animals, wild plants and other unwanted organisms.
Example: Pesticides sprayed onto the plants.

Fertilizer:a natural or chemical substance which is spread on the land or given to plants, to make plants grow well.
Example:That is to say the animals are fed on what is produced from the fields fertilized with manure.

Crops:the total amount collected of) a plant such as a grain, fruit or vegetable grown in large amounts.
Example: Some farmers say it feels much longer than 10 years during which biotech crops have been planted in the united states.

To plant:

Downsides: a disadvantage or problem.
Example: Only downside sticky pads don't last me much longer than 8 sessions and they are expensive to replace.

Drought:a long period when there is little or no rain.
Example: Genes from desert plants can be used to produce crops that withstand drought.

arableFit for cultivation, as by plowing.
Example: Arable in the west where nucleated villages were formed as spaces were filled.

Word Journal 6
Food Spoilage

preservation: To maintain in safety from injury, peril, or harm; protect.
Example: Tree preservation orders protect many trees in the district.

spoilage: The process of becoming spoiled.
Example: Spoilage of food by bacteria and mold is reduced when food is kept below 8°c.

manufacture: To make or process (a raw material) into a finished product, especially by means of a large-scale industrial operation.
Example: Manufacture a unique range of specialized plygene products proven over many years countryside use.

microbe: A minute life form; a microorganism, especially a bacterium that causes disease. Not in technical use.
Example: He believes they were all caused by a microbe called acinetobacter, first detected in the wounds of us servicemen in vietnam.

contamination: The act or process of contaminating.
Example: Strict codes are in place to prevent contamination of martian soil with earth bacteria.

reduce: To bring down, as in extent, amount, or degree; diminish.
Example: Low protein diets during early pregnancy in rats were found to significantly reduce birth weight of pups.

wholesomeness: Conducive to sound health or well-being; salutary.
Example: We make our own fishcakes and specialty sausages containing only wholesome ingredients.

elimination: To get rid of; remove.
Example: Eliminate failures due to corrosion and arcing that are associated with commonly used pressure contacts.

qualitative: Of, relating to, or concerning quality.
Example: Qualitative research usually involves looking at language rather than numbers.

quantitative:  Expressed or expressible as a quantity.
Example: Quantitative in nature, drawn from secondary sources.

multiply: To increase the amount, number, or degree of.
Example: Multiply mixed fractions.

gastrointestinal tract: The digestive tract, especially of a human.
Example: Gastrointestinal tract can also be caused by asbestos.

non-perishable foods:  “shelf-stable” items that do not spoil or decay.
Example:

semiperishable foods:
Example:

perishable foods:  Something, especially foodstuff, subject to decay or spoilage.
Example: Perishable food; remember your food in the kitchen, too.

moisture: Diffuse wetness that can be felt as vapor in the atmosphere or condensed liquid on the surfaces of objects; dampness.
Example: Moisture wicking capabilities, making it an ideal fabric for outdoor use.






REFERRENCES

 The free dictionary(2012) Retrieved on January 28, 2012:
 http://www.thefreedictionary.com/


Your Dictionary(1996-2012) Retrieved on January 28, 2012
 http://www.yourdictionary.com/

Answers.com/wiki answers (2012) Retrieved on January 28,2012
 http://www.wiki.answers.com/

Cambridge dictionaries online (2011) Retrieved on February 12, 2012
http://dictionary.cambridge.org/


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